Case Study S (Personal Organisation, Food Preparation, Tooth Brushing)
S is a nineteen-year-old man with autism who is preparing to transition from secondary school to a work placement.
Background:
S is a very capable and bright young man with an exceptional memory and a fantastic sense of humour. He has a keen interest in movies and has an extensive collection of DVD’s, Blu-rays and Video Cassettes. He has excellent computer skills and also enjoys art and drawing.
Factors impacting development of life-skills:
In line with his diagnosis of autism, S presents with various challenges which have impacted on his ability to develop important life-skills. Specifically difficulties in, social communication, sensory processing and executive functioning have impacted upon his development of some life skills.
Areas of Concern:
During the assessment period, parents and staff shared concerns regarding S’s pending transition to a work-placement and his challenges related to self-care (e.g. tooth-brushing) and employability skills (carrying out responsibilities and completing tasks). Specifically, reports and observations suggested that:
- S is quite disorganised and forgetful at times.
- S was very dependent on his parents for a range of activities: to help him to get ready in the morning, pack his bags for additional activities such as PE and work-experience. Parents would also prepare all meals and snacks.
- Parents, school staff and S himself reported challenges around fidgeting and becoming distracted during tasks, particularly if required to listen to a lot of verbal directions.
- S finds it difficult to work in cluttered spaces. S is sensitive to certain noises, smells and textures.
- S reported that he doesn’t like brushing his teeth or the taste of the toothpaste.
Strategies:
Preparing for the day ahead:
- S had a StarWars themed calendar which he updated each Sunday evening. All known daily activities for the week ahead including school, PE days, work-experience, youth club and social outings were scheduled on the calendar. This was clearly displayed in his bedroom.
- Mini-checklists: Checklists which corresponded with each activity were written and stored in a small accordion file. S would check his calendar, go to his accordion file and retrieve the checklist which corresponded to the scheduled activity for that day. The checklist served as a visual reminder and a guide to instruct S about what he needed and enable him to pack his bag independently. Checklists were also developed using the I Get … My Schedules at Home app on S’s mobile phone.
Preparing snacks:
- S informed parents and MCA coordinator of snacks that he would like to be able to prepare for himself.
- Each snack was visually structured; i.e. a sequence of visual pictures, reflecting what utensils S needed and what ingredients/food items were required. Each step involved in making the snack was presented in a visual sequence for S. This was based on the visual format presented in Just Look and Cook Book
- S was taught each step of the sequence. MCA coordinator modelled use of the visual supports, then supported S with completion of each step as required before fading out and leaving S to prepare his snack independently using visual supports only.
- S had difficulty touching some food textures (e.g. meat). Gloves were left available to S to use as he wished.
Brushing Teeth
- Visual Social Narratives were used to explain to S the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene. A Social Behaviour Map was used to support S’s understand of the importance of identifying and maintaining oral hygiene.
- With S’s consent and his parent’s permission, video was taken of S brushing his teeth. This video formed part of the pre-intervention baseline.
- S also watched a YouTube video on how to brush your teeth correctly. He reviewed his own video and noted some useful changes he should make to his oral hygiene routine.
- A visual sequence of instructions was placed in the bathroom to support S’s independence with tooth-brushing. A two-minute digital timer was also used.
- S opted for a ‘flavour free’ toothpaste as he didn’t like the taste of regular toothpastes.
- S followed through this routine twice per day.